开颅血肿清除和硬通道穿刺治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的疗效对比

目的：对比开颅血肿清除和硬通道穿刺治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的效果及预后。方法回顾性分析2005年1月～2013年12月我科192例高血压脑出血的临床资料,其中开颅血肿清除术（开颅组）和穿刺引流术（微创组）各96例。2组年龄、性别、血肿侧别及Glasgow昏迷评分差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。对比2组术中出血量、术后残余血肿量、手术时间、住院时间和术后3周及6个月的临床疗效。结果与开颅组比较,微创组手术时间短[中位数31（24～39） min vs．152（131～170）min,Z＝-11．975,P＝0．000],术中出血少[30例0 ml、66例＜5 ml vs．（332．4±20．2）ml],术后住院时间短[中位数14（10～17）d vs．64（44～75）d,Z＝-44．217,P＝0．000],但术后残余血肿量多[中位数13（8～17）ml vs．7（4～12）ml, Z＝-11．573,P＝0．000]。治疗3周后,微创组Glasgow 预后评分高[中位数4（2～4）分 vs．3（1～4）分,Z＝-8．215,P＝0.000],Barthel指数高[（59．9±4．5） vs．（54．9±4．9）,t＝7．370,P＝0．000]。治疗6个月,微创组Glasgow预后评分高[中位数3（2～4）分vs．2（1～4）分,Z＝-7．448,P＝0．000],Barthel指数高[（64．3±8．4） vs．（59．7±6．8）,t＝4．156,P＝0．000],2组病死率差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论微创颅内血肿硬通道穿刺引流术在一定程度上明显优于开颅血肿清除术,值得临床推广应用。     

立体定向手术与内科治疗中小量基底核区高血压性脑出血的对比研究

目的研究中小量（15～40m1）基底核区高血压性脑出血应用立体定向治疗与内科保守治疗对患者病死率、运动功能及预后的影响。方法2003年1月～2013年1月,我院收治中小量基底核区高血压性脑出血164例,其中82例行立体定向手术抽吸结合尿激酶引流治疗,另82例行内科保守治疗。比较2组血肿清除时间、30d病死率、患侧肢体运动功能和90d格拉斯哥预后评分（Glasgow outcome score,GOS）。结果立体定向治疗组血肿消散时间（3.8±1.1）d,明显短于内科治疗组的（19.9±3.5）d（t=-39.463,P=0.000）。2组30d病死率差异无显著性。立体定向组治疗30d病肢肌力4～5级[43.9％（36／82）vs.28.0％（23／82）,X^2=4.474,P=0.034]和90 d GOS 5分者的比例明显高于内科治疗组[53.7％（44／82）vs.36.6％（30／82）,X^2=4.826,P=0.028]。结论对于中小量高血压性脑出血,行立体定向手术治疗比内科治疗能明显加快血肿清除时间,改善患者的功能预后。     

Movement disorders in children with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis and other autoimmune encephalopathies

Accurate recognition of movement disorder phenomenology may differentiate children with anti‐N‐methyl D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, autoimmune basal ganglia encephalitis (BGE), and Sydenham's chorea (SC). Three neurologists blinded to the diagnoses recorded dominant and associated movement disorders seen on videos of 31 patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis (n = 10), BGE (n = 12), and SC (n = 9). Stereotypy was only seen in anti‐NMDAR encephalitis (8/10) and not in BGE and SC (P < 0.001). Perseveration was only seen in anti‐NMDAR encephalitis (5/10) and not in BGE and SC (P < 0.001). Akinesia was more commonly seen in BGE (5/12) than in anti‐NMDAR encephalitis (1/10, P = 0.097). Tremor was more commonly seen in BGE (5/12) than in anti‐NMDAR encephalitis (1/10, P = 0.097). Chorea was seen in all groups: anti‐NMDAR encephalitis (4/10), BGE (3/12), and SC (9/9). Likewise, dystonia was seen in all groups: anti‐NMDAR encephalitis (6/10), BGE (7/12), and SC (2/9). Stereotypies or perseveration are suggestive of anti‐NMDAR encephalitis, whereas their absence and the presence of akinesia and tremor is more suggestive of BGE. Chorea and dystonia are least discriminating. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society     

Interhemispheric functional interactions between the subthalamic nuclei of patients with Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by widespread neural interactions in cortico‐basal‐ganglia networks primarily in beta oscillations (approx. 10–30 Hz), as suggested by previous findings of levodopa‐modulated interhemispheric coherence between the bilateral subthalamic nuclei (STN) in local field potential recordings (LFPs). However, due to confounding effects of volume conduction the existence of ‘genuine’ interhemispheric subcortical coherence remains an open question. To address this issue we utilized the imaginary part of coherency (iCOH) which, in contrast to the standard coherence, is not susceptible to volume conduction. LFPs were recorded from eight patients with PD during wakeful rest before and after levodopa administration. We demonstrated genuine coherence between the bilateral STN in both 10–20 and 21–30 Hz oscillations, as revealed by a non‐zero iCOH. Crucially, increased iCOH in 10–20 Hz oscillations positively correlated with the worsening of motor symptoms in the OFF medication condition across patients, which was not the case for standard coherence. Furthermore, across patients iCOH was increased after levodopa administration in 21–30 Hz oscillations. These results suggest a functional distinction between low and high beta oscillations in STN‐LFP in line with previous studies. Furthermore, the observed functional coupling between the bilateral STN might contribute to the understanding of bilateral effects of unilateral deep brain stimulation. In conclusion, the present results imply a significant contribution of time‐delayed neural interactions to interhemispheric coherence, and the clinical relevance of long‐distance neural interactions between bilateral STN for motor symptoms in PD.     

Food rewards modulate the activity of song neurons in Bengalese finches

Vocal learning, a critical component of speech acquisition, is a rare trait in animals. Songbirds are a well‐established animal model in vocal learning research; male birds acquire novel vocal patterns and have a well‐developed ‘song system’ in the brain. Although this system is unique to songbirds, anatomical and physiological studies have reported similarities between the song system and the thalamo‐cortico‐basal ganglia circuit that is conserved among reptiles, birds, and mammals. Here, we focused on the similarity of the neural response between these two systems while animals were engaging in operant tasks. Neurons in the basal ganglia of vertebrates are activated in response to food rewards and reward predictions in behavioral tasks. A striatal nucleus in the avian song system, Area X, is necessary for vocal learning and is considered specialized for singing. We found that the spiking activity of singing‐related Area X neurons was modulated by food rewards and reward signals in an operant task. As previous studies showed that Area X is not critical for general cognitive tasks, the role of Area X in general learning might be limited and vestigial. However, our results provide a new viewpoint to investigate the independence of the vocal learning system from neural systems involved in other cognitive tasks.     

左室心尖与心底旋转变化规律的超声研究

目的检测心尖旋转发生变化时心底旋转的变化规律。方法14只杂种犬作为研究对象,用加热的方法破坏心尖部心肌使心尖旋转幅度变小,用超声组织多普勒检测施加条件前、后心尖及心底旋转幅度的变化,并以收缩期旋转的峰值作为比较的参数。用配备了PhilipQLAB高级软件的个人电脑计算心尖及心底旋转幅度。结果心尖部心肌被破坏后心尖旋转幅度明显降低,由8.48°±4.02°降为3.14°±1.35°（P〈0.001）;左室扭转因心尖旋转的明显减低而减低（左室扭转=左室心尖旋转-左室心底旋转）;心底旋转幅度也有一定程度的减低,由2.41°±0.68°减低为1.11°±0.90°（P〈0.001）。结论心尖旋转幅度明显减低时,心底旋转幅度也减低。虽然心底旋转减低并未使左室扭转保持不变,但其部分代偿了左室扭转的降低,这显示了除收缩期左室被破坏心肌以外的其它部位心肌代偿收缩增强的同时左室扭转也有代偿的过程。左室扭转是左室收缩的组成部分,一定程度上反映左室的收缩情况。     

Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma with endobronchial metastasis

Although basal cell carcinoma is a very common malignancy, metastasis from this tumour is extremely rare. For this reason, many plastic surgeons, dermatologists and physicians dealing with skin malignancies consider this as a locally invasive malignancy. We present a rare case of metastatic basal cell carcinoma manifested as a bronchial tumour. This case highlights the fact that despite basal cell carcinoma’s local invasive potential, the possibility of distant metastasis still exists and clinicians should therefore be cautious about interpreting extracutaneous symptoms. Chest physicians should always consider the possibility of this rare tumour in the lungs in patients with a history of large basal cell carcinomas in the head and neck region.     

Frequency‐dependent neural activity in Parkinson's disease

The brainstem and basal ganglia are important in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Reliable and sensitive detection of neural activity changes in these regions should be helpful in scientific and clinical research on PD. In this study, we used resting state functional MRI and amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) methods to examine spontaneous neural activity in 109 patients with PD. We examined activity in two frequency bands, slow‐4 (between 0.027 and 0.073 Hz) and slow‐5 (0.010–0.027 Hz). Patients had decreased ALFF in the striatum and increased ALFF in the midbrain, and changes were more significant in slow‐4. Additionally, changes in slow‐4 in both basal ganglia and midbrain correlated with the severity of the parkinsonism. The ALFF in the caudate nucleus positively correlated with the dose of levodopa, while the ALFF in the putamen negatively correlated with the disease duration in both slow‐4 and slow‐5 bands. In addition, the ALFF in the rostral supplementary motor area negatively correlated with bradykinesia subscale scores. Our findings show that with a large cohort of patients and distinguishing frequency bands, neural modulations in the brainstem and striatum in PD can be detected and may have clinical relevance. The physiological interpretation of these changes needs to be determined. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5815–5833, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.